Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contributors to Volume I
List of Contributors to Volume II
Preface
Supplementary Material
Section I: Theory: Physics
Chapter 1: A Generic Thermal Model for Perfused Tissues
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Derivation of Generic Bioheat Thermal Models (GBHTMs)
1.3 Comparing the Two-Compartment GBHTM with Pennes' BHTM
1.4 Comparing the Predictions of the Two-Compartment GBHTM and Pennes' BHTM with Measured
in vivo
Temperature Changes during MRI
1.5 Summary
Disclaimer
Nomenclature
Subscripts
Greek
References
Chapter 2: Alternate Thermal Models to Predict in vivo Temperatures
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Estimating Core Temperature
2.3 Estimating Worst-Case
in vivo
Temperature Change due to a ‘Regional’ Source Term
2.4 Estimating
in vivo
Temperature Change due to a ‘Local’ Source Term
2.5 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 3: Thermal Effects of Blood Vessels
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.3 Results
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 4: Generating Blood Vasculature for Bioheat Computations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Method
4.3 Examples
4.4 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 5: Whole-Body Human Computational Models and the Effect of Clothing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Clothing–Environment Relationship for Firefighting
5.3 A Human Thermal Model for Analyzing Thermal Stress during Firefighting
5.4 Results
5.5 Discussion and Conclusion
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 6: Models of the Cardiovascular System
6.1 Purposes
6.2 History
6.3 Similitude and Dimensional Analysis
6.4 Black Box Modeling
6.5 Lumped-Parameter Models
6.6 Building Physical Systems
6.7 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 7: Lumped Parameter Modeling of Human Respiratory System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Model Construction
7.3 Model Selection
7.4 Physiological Relevance of the Model Parameters
7.5 Optimization for Parameter Estimation
7.6 Example: Potential Application in Clinics
7.7 Model Validation
7.8 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 8: Inverse Heat Transfer for Biomedical Applications
8.1 Types of Heat Transfer Problems
8.2 Basic Considerations in Inverse Heat Transfer Problems
8.3 Inverse Heat Transfer Solution Methods
8.4 Applications of Inverse Solution Methods to Bioheat Transfer
8.5 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 9: Fundamentals of Propagation of Light in Tissue
9.1 Light–Tissue Interaction
9.2 Light Propagation in Turbid Media
9.3 Practical Considerations
Acknowledgment
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 10: Ultrasound Propagation in Tissue
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ultrasound Physics
10.3 Numerical Simulation
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 11: Electromagnetic Waves and Fields in the Human Body in MRI
11.1 RF Waves at the Air–Body Boundary: Reflection and Refraction
11.2 Introduction to Finite-Difference-Time Domain
11.3 FDTD Simulation Steps and Setup
11.4 RF Fields inside the Human Body
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 12: Electromagnetic Distribution in Tissue with Conductive Devices
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Tissue
12.3 Interaction of Electric Fields with Passive Implants and Heating during MRI
12.4 Heating of an Implant by Coupling with a Time Varying Magnetic Field
12.5 Scattering of Electric Fields by Active Implants and RF Heating during MRI
12.6 Transmission Line (Wave) Model for a Lead
12.7 Hybrid Model of Calculation of RF Heating of a Lead
12.8 Discussion
Acknowledgement
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 13: Techniques for Fast Computation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Test Case
13.3 Issues, Techniques, and Results
13.4 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 14: Principles of Temperature Measurement with Temperature Probes in Bioheat Transfer Applications
14.1 Temperature Measurement
14.2 Thermometers
14.3 Thermistors
14.4 Thermocouples
14.5 Radiation Thermometry
14.6 Fiber-optic Temperature Sensors
Disclaimer
Reference
Further Reading
Chapter 15: Non-Invasive Thermometry with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
15.3 Magnetic Resonance Temperature Imaging
15.4 Practical Considerations and Complications of Temperature Measurement
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 16: Ultrasound Thermography: Principles, Methods, and Experimental Results
16.1 Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Thermotherapy
16.2 Ultrasound Thermography Using Echo-Shift Method
16.3 Experimental Validation
16.4 Spatial Resolution
16.5 Thermo-Acoustic Lens Effect
16.6 Application of Ultrasound Thermography
16.7 Practical Considerations for
In Vivo
Applications
16.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 17: Thermal Property Measurements
17.1 Basic Definitions
17.2 Measurement of Thermal Properties
17.3 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Properties
17.4 Thermal Properties as a Function of Water and Fat Content
17.5 Conclusions
17.6 Solutions to Example Problems
Appendix 17.1: Thermal Standards
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 18: Measurement and Thermal Dependence of Biological Tissue Optical Properties
18.1 Techniques for Determination of Tissue Optical Properties
18.2 Thermally Induced Changes in Optical Properties
18.3 Conclusion
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 19: Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Tissue
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Theory of Dielectric Behavior of Materials
19.3 Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Tissue
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 20: Micro- and Nanoscale Calorimetry for Biomedical Applications
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
20.3 Nanocalorimetry
20.4 Conclusion
Disclaimer
References
Section II: Theory: Physiology
Chapter 21: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses to Thermal Insults
21.1 Local Thermal Insults: Local Physiological Responses
21.2 Systemic Thermal Insults: Systemic Physiological Responses
21.3 Focal Thermal Insults: Systemic Physiological Responses
21.4 Thermal Insult Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 22: Morphological and Physiological Considerations for the Modelling of Human Heat Loss
22.1 Introduction
22.2 First Principles of Heat Loss
22.3 Human Heat Loss
22.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 23: Adjustments in Thermoregulation during Radiofrequency Heating
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Body Heat Balance
23.3 Thermoregulatory Pathways
23.4 Thermoeffector Capacity
23.5 Thermoregulatory Behavior
23.6 Localized Heating and Homeostatic Response
23.7 Whole Body Thermal Homeostasis
23.8 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 24: Burn: A Clinical Perspective
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Risk Factors
24.3 Classification Based on Causes
24.4 Demographics
24.5 Skin Anatomy and Function
24.6 Physical Basis of Burns
24.7 Pathophysiology of Burn Injuries
24.8 Patient Categorization
24.9 Burn Management
24.10 Special Considerations in Electric and Radiation Burns
24.11 Summary
Disclaimer
Reference
Further Reading
Chapter 25: Response of the Thermoregulatory System to Toxic Chemicals
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Thermoregulatory Profile
25.3 Impact of Environmental Temperature on Toxic Response
25.4 Acute Thermoregulatory Responses to Toxicants
25.5 Thermoregulatory Effects of Alcohol
25.6 Toxicant-Induced Fever
25.7 Conclusions
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 26: Irreversible Tissue Thermal Alterations: Skin Burns, Thermal Damage and Cell Death
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Damage Process Thermodynamic Fundamentals
26.3 High Temperature Surgery and Ablation Damage Processes
26.4 Cell Survival Curves at Hyperthermic Temperatures
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 27: Models and Mechanisms of Tissue Injury in Cryosurgery
27.1 Introduction
27.2 The Cryolesion
27.3 Culture Models
27.4 Cryosurgical Parameters
27.5 Biochemical Cell Death
27.6 Adjunctive Therapy
27.7 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Section III: Applications
Chapter 28: In vivo Radiofrequency Heating in a 3T MRI Scanner
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Methods
28.3 Results
28.4 Discussion
28.5 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 29: Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia in Cancer Treatment: History, Mechanism, Imaging-Assisted Protocol Design, and Challenges
29.1 Introduction
29.2 History and Development of Hyperthermia
29.3 Physical Mechanisms of Magnetic Nanoparticle Heating
29.4 Delivery of Nanoparticles and Quantification of
Q′′′
in Tissue
29.5 Multi-Scale Modeling
29.6 Modeling Heat Transfer Process during Hyperthermia
29.7 Animal and Clinical Studies Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia
29.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 30: Modeling Combined Cryosurgery and Hyperthermia with Thermally Significant Blood Vessels
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Thermally Significant Blood Vessels
30.3 Two-Dimensional Vascular Network
30.4 Three-Dimensional Vascular Network
30.5 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 31: Cryoablation for the Treatment of Solid Cancers and Pain Management
31.1 Introduction
31.2 The History of Cryoablation
31.3 Technical Details of Cryoablation Equipment
31.4 Mechanisms of Tissue Destruction by Extreme Cold
31.5 Treatment of Various Solid Cancers
31.6 Pain Management
31.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 32: Effect of Blood Flow on MRI-Induced Heating near Stents
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Methods
32.3 Results
32.4 Discussion
32.5 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 33: Skin Burns
33.1 Introduction to Burns
33.2 Treatment of Burns
33.3 Calculating Burn Injuries
33.4 Supporting Clinical Data
33.5 Correcting Prior Misunderstanding of Severe Burns
33.6 Summarizing the Danger of Scald Burns
33.7 Final Remarks and Future Directions
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 34: Surface and Endovascular Cooling: Methods, Models, and Measurements
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Therapeutic Hypothermia and the Need for Cooling
34.3 The Challenge of Therapeutic Hypothermia
34.4 Surface Cooling
34.5 Endovascular Cooling
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 35: Estimation of Wind Chill Equivalent Temperatures (WCETs)
35.1 Development of the Concept of Wind Chill [1–3]
35.2 Effects of the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients in Estimating WCETs [1]
35.3 Blood Perfusion Effects on the Wind Chill Effect [2]
35.4 Application of Whole Body Models for Estimating WCETs [31]
35.5 Conclusion
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 36: Temperature Postmortem: Theories, Models, and Measurements
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Time of Death Estimation in the Early Postmortem Phase
36.3 Time of Death Estimation in the Late Postmortem Phase by Entomology
36.4 Time of Death Estimation from Postmortem Body Cooling
36.5 Empirical Models
36.6 Heat Transfer Models
36.7 Body Cooling Experiments
36.8 The Model of Marshall and Hoare and Henßge Compared to the Database
36.9 The FE Model in Forensic Application
36.10 The CPD Method
36.11 Perspectives of Heat Transfer Modeling
Disclaimer
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Pages
C1
iii
iv
v
xxv
xxvi
xxvii
xxviii
xxix
xxx
xxxi
xxxii
xxxiii
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
Guide
Table of Contents
Preface
Section I: Theory: Physics
Begin Reading